Agricultural Extension Practices For A Farming Community

The previous chapter reviewed the agricultural extension practices where extension plays an important role in facilitating changes in a farming community. The literature indicated that there are a lot of extension approaches due to change of ideas, purposes vary, and paradigm shift. It appears that, agricultural extension involves many different approaches and methodologies. And it is managed and delivered through a variety of institutional arrangements. It seems that no single approach best suit extension development in all circumstances. The purpose of this chapter is to consider farming from the perspective of the farmer and how such consideration might benefit extension approaches and outcomes. The farming environment is complex and†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, after the introduction, the chapter begins by clarifying what kind of farmers this study refers to by defining smallholder farmer, elements of smallholder, and the farming environment as to understand and identify some key variables in farming environment that will enhance our investigation of farmers’ livelihood. 4.1 Introduction This chapter identifies various factors that affect farmers’ decision-making concerning their way of life. The sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) is a way to improve understanding of the way of life of rural people (IFAD, 2011). It draws on the main factors (internal and external) that affect rural people s livelihoods and the natural relationships between these factors. SLA is based on the concept of capability, equity and sustainability (Chambers Conway, 1992).This study seeks to consider SLA as a framework to help understand the main factors that affect cocoa farmers’ livelihoods, the relationships between these factors and how decisions are made on growing cocoa. In this chapter the diffusion of innovation model, particularly the variables which influences an innovation s rate of adoption (after Rogers, 2003), and elements of smallholder farmer by HLPE (2013) (see Figure 11) will be viewed through SLA. The commonly known variables determining the rate of technology adoption in agriculture were listed by Rogers (2003). These variables include perceived attributes of

Analysis Of Frankenstein And Nabokov s The Real Life Of...

Both Shelley’s Frankenstein and Nabokov’s The Real Life of Sebastian Knight investigate problems of reality, strongly suggesting that real knowledge of someone cannot exist or is at best inaccessible. However, while Nabokov and Frankenstein suggest that one may never be able to know the â€Å"real life† of another person, perhaps one’s failed attempts to perfectly capture that reality—reflections or interpretations of reality, that is—function as the most meaningful â€Å"reality† for the would-be knower. V.’s definition of â€Å"real† itself makes real knowledge an impossibility. While V. never explicitly defines â€Å"real,† readers can piece together an approximate understanding from the metaphors he uses to express his lack of access to the real Sebastian. Although V. â€Å"could describe the way he [Sebastian Knight] walked, or laughed, or sneezed,† these facts â€Å"would be no more than sundry bits o f cinema-film cut away by scissors and having nothing in common with the essential drama† (Larsen 16). Characters know much about Sebastian but â€Å"he himself escapes [them]† (Larsen 28-9). It’s this â€Å"essential drama† or â€Å"he himself† that V. identifies as real—the core essence of someone or something. And after a conversation with Sebastian, V. longed â€Å"for no earthly reason (...) to say something real, something with wings and a heart,† suggesting that something real is otherworldly, incorporeal (â€Å"no earthly reason†, â€Å"wings and a heart†), and thus beyond V.’s ability to know. Perhaps what Nabokov terms

Overcoming Ethnocentrism free essay sample

Please direct all correspondence to the first author at Department of Communication, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; email:[emailprotected] edu; Phone: (209) 946-3044. 28 Overcoming Ethnocentrism Abstract This study, based on a survey of 419 young adults, found that high levels of individuals’ intercultural communication sensitivity and multiculturalism are significant predictors of reducing individuals’ ethnocentrism. As a leading country in diversity, equality and democracy, the United States is expected to continue its leading position in appreciating cultural diversity and respecting ethnic/cultural identities. The results suggest that promoting intercultural communication sensitivity and multiculturalism is a possible measure to overcome ethnocentrism and reduce conflicts among intergroup interactions. Limitations and suggestions for future research are provided. Qingwen Dong, Kenneth D. Day and Christine M. Collaco 29 Introduction The United States is a country of immigrants and it is critical for the country to promote cultural diversity and appreciate different cultural heritages (Dong, 1995). Ethnocentrism is viewed as lacking acceptance of cultural diversity and intolerance for outgroups (Berry Kalin, 1995). This lack of acceptance of cultural diversity has a strong tendency to lead to negative stereotypes toward other cultural/ethnic groups, negative prejudice and negative behaviors against these group members. As the world becomes a global village and more and more people with diverse cultural backgrounds interact with each other constantly, it is imperative to investigate what factors could help overcome ethnocentrism. This study, by examining two of these factors, hopes to identify a better route to look for ways and means to overcome people’s ethnocentrism. Reducing ethnocentrism would greatly facilitate accommodating diversity in the United States, making it a model country for diversity, equality and democracy. In this study, the authors focus on three constructs: ethnocentrism, intercultural communication sensitivity, and multiculturalism. Research has shown that ethnocentrism tends to be negatively correlated with intercultural communication sensitivity and cultural diversity. In order to explore ways to overcome ethnocentrism, the study has three major objectives. First, it examines the impact of intercultural communication sensitivity on overcoming ethnocentrism. Second it investigates the impact of multiculturalism on overcoming ethnocentrism. Third, it proposes some measures for researchers, policy makers, and educators to use in overcoming ethnocentrism. Literature Review Ethnocentrism The theoretical concept of ethnocentrism, as developed by Sumner (1906), suggested that in most intergroup contexts, one’s own group is the center of everything, and all other things are related to or dependent on it. Berry and Kalin (1995) pointed out that the ethnocentrism concept tends to be viewed as â€Å"the synonym for general antipathy towards all outgroups† (p. 303). The two Canadian scholars conducted numerous studies on this topic and observed that ethnocentrism shows that â€Å"a lack of acceptance of cultural diversity, a general intolerance for outgroups and a relative preference for one’s ingroup over most outgroups† (p. 303). Neuliep and McCroskey (1997) developed a generalized ethnocentrism scale (GENE) to assess how individuals feel regarding their own culture. The scale was modified and adapted for examining people’s ethnocentric views by a number of communication researchers. The GENE is a valid measurement of ethnocentrism that may be experienced by anyone, regardless of culture. Ethnocentrism has been described as an individual psychological disposition which has both positive and negative outcome (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997). On the one hand, ethnocentrism serves as an antecedent towards â€Å"patriotism and willingness to sacrifice for one’s central group† (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997, p. 89) and helps in constructing and maintaining one’s cultural identity (Chen Starosta, 2004). On the other hand, ethnocentrism leads to misunderstandings (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997) and reduced levels of 30 Overcoming Ethnocentrism intercultural-willingness-to-communicate (Lin Rancer, 2003). Studies have also shown that ethnocentrism may be mediated by culture. Lin, Rancer, and Trimbitas (2005) found that Romanian students were more ethnocentric than American students. The authors proposed that these results may result from Romania’s history of conflict with the Hungarians and being a polarized country. Neuliep, Chaudoir, and McCroskey (2001) found that Japanese students scored higher on the GENE than their American counterparts. They noted that Japan’s ‘parochial’ psychology, that serves as the foundation for modern Japanese thinking and their homogenous culture, may account for these results. In Japan, the term â€Å"gaijin† is used to describe â€Å"people from the outside† (p. 140). In both studies, men scored higher than women (Lin et al. , 2005), suggesting that socialization accounts for this difference (Neuliep et al. , 2001). Ethnocentrism is also highly related to individuals’ identity formation. Kim, Kim, and Choe (2006) reviewed identity’s link to ethnocentrism as it relates to multicultural issues. Kim et al. found that Koreans were more ethnocentric in comparison to Japanese and native English speakers. Koreans also scored highest in identity measurement. According to Chen and Starosta (2000) intercultural communication sensitivity is a prerequisite for intercultural communication competence. As one’s intercultural communication sensitivity increases, one’s competence in intercultural communication increases. Hence, ethnocentrism can be viewed as â€Å"an obstacle to intercultural communication competence† (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997, p. 389). Intercultural communication sensitivity It is crucial for individuals to develop intercultural communication competence today due to the fact that almost all of us are dealing with intercultural situations every day and everywhere. According to Chen and Starosta (2000), intercultural communication competence has two prerequisites: intercultural communication awareness and intercultural communication sensitivity. Although intercultural communication sensitivity may be related to many cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects of our interactions with others, it focuses primarily on individuals’ affective abilities, such as managing and regulating emotions. Cultural awareness provides the foundation for intercultural communication sensitivity, which in turn, leads to intercultural communication competence (Chen Starosta, 2000). Research suggested that individuals with higher intercultural communication sensitivity tend to do well in intercultural communication settings (Peng, 2006).

Open Source ERP Software free essay sample

Along with the increasing use of Enterprise Resource Planning software, and begin to popular open source movement, open source ERP has become a new alternative control system resources in an organization. It has been widely available open source ERP software, with different features as well, so it is sometimes difficult to choose which is suitable to the needs of the user. This paper discusses about the features and functionality of ERP software popular open source use. In it also issued the comparison between their respective open source ERP software. This paper is expected to provide an overview of the development of open source ERP software, and be able to separate the value and shortcomings of each of the software that will be discussed. ERP software that will be compared in this paper is Opener. This software is assumed to represent the software open source ERP. Key Words: ERP, Open Source, Opener. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Source ERP Software or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. INTRODUCTION Enterprise Resource Planning, will henceforth abbreviated as ERP, has now become a very important part in the industry and the corporate world. Automation and integration of all functions involved in the process of forming business ERP as an information system capable of facilitating the flow of information between all business functions within the organization, as well as manage relationships with stakeholders. ERP software first appeared on the market as a commercial and proprietary software, because it was so far vendors such as SAP, Peoples and Oracle still dominates the market of ERP software. However, the dominance of commercial software start deterred from open source software movement became popular. Open source ERP software was developed with the aim of minimizing errors and bugs in the system, because everyone can evaluate it. Besides the functionality and compatibility of software development can be faster because everyone is free to develop software. In this paper, we discuss more about the three open source ERP software is popularly used is Opener. Will also compare the features of the open source ERP software with other software. It is hoped this paper can be a reference open source ERP software users to choose which is more suitable to their needs. 2. OPEN ERP Opener is a very unimpressive open source business applications including Sales, CRM, Project management, Warehouse management, Manufacturing, Accounting and Human Resources. Opener has separate client and server components. XML-RPC interfaces are available. Opener free and open source software written in Python programming language. Using GET to create an attractive front end user and enterprise-class Postures database on the back end. Opener system has three main components: 0 Postures Data Server that has all databases. 0 Opener application server that has all the logic of the company. Web server, a different application called Open Object-web client, which allows you to connect to Opener from a web browser. This is not necessary if the user is connected through the GET client Image 1 User Interface to Open ERP 2. 1 Functional opener need a web browser with flash plug-in, because Opener using flash components. This software is designed to manage the manufacturing, supply chain, finance, accounting, project management, human resource management, and customers. Opener has several features that can be easily used by the users to operate the software. Some of them are : 0 Rule-based templates to specify the total price policy. 0 A Dashboard that the appearance and functionality tailored to the needs of each user. Specific customer discounts, percentage markup and so on. Fully integrated email / SMS and corporate wick. Automatic propagation of data into account in all areas of the ERP. Double-entry stock management. Enterprise modules that serve to organize enterprise modeling, hierarchical structures and systems, as well as the classification of sales order. Logistic Modules that serves to regulate the production and supply. Goods (from the warehouse to the customer). Accounting and Finance Modules that serves to analyze and manage company finances and offers solutions to problems of accounting reports. Human Resources Modules serve to organize employees in the form of employee spending arrangements. Project Management which regulates the manufacture of the companys existing projects (can be a financially and operationally). REFERENCES -ream, opener. (2009). opener Features. Accessed from http www. Opener. Com/books/open]structures. PDF 2. 2 Modularity Opener when optimally developed, they can compete with other immemorial ERP software. Opener completely modular, consisting of several modules that can be added to and developed by others, especially in the IT department to meet the needs of the company. Opener installation is relatively easy to setup. Opener provides a variety of alternative sample data packets for different companies. Desktop client works on Mac, Linux and Windows. The software is easy to use and the user can choose whether they want to use a web browser pointing to the Opener server or client using the client application (GET client) installed on each computer. However, this project provides an excellent documentation on the web site and a comprehensive book to go with it. By using Opener enterprise can improve the efficiency of business operations and also more effective in helping them to make the right decision. 2. 3 Advantages and disadvantages 2. 3. 1 Advantages 0 Opener module provides a way for enterprise modeling process. 0 Easy to contours and setup. 0 Provide an alternative decisions. The documentation is excellent. 2. 3. 2 Disadvantages 0 Opener require a full analysis of the existing business processes and the result is a complex modeling.

Free Essays on Sins And Sinners Of The Scarlet Letter

Sins and Sinners of The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is brimming with many sins and sinners as Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to portray throughout the story. Hawthorne’s main characters in the book have committed major wrongs doing in the eyes of the Puritans. The main characters include Hester, Chillingworth, demmesdale and pearl, who has yet to commit a sin. Also, a part of this chaos are the townspeople who’s Hippocratic verbal and physical actions influence the lives of Hester and her daughter, Pearl, in negative ways. Although the society, and many of the characters commit sins, Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to convey the trail of thoughts that The Scarlet Letter is about Sinners; not sins. Though, the book is filled with wrong doings from hypocrisy, lying, betrayal and even adultery, the author tends to be leaning more towards telling about the sinners and their perspectives about the occurring situations, rather than focusing on just the sins they have brought upon themselves. It is evident that Hester committed adultery, and has had to deal with the consequences of her actions throughout her life and has had effect on the life of her daughter, pearl. Demmesdale, the man whom she slept with while her husband was away, makes no efforts to help her in this a situation. We later learn in the story that he has committed adultery as well because Pearl is the daughter that came from the result of his affair with Hester. Doesn’t this make him a hypocrite? Demmesdale was publicly accusing, humiliating, and torturing Hester for her sinful actions, when he had committed the same crime himself. He is just as guilty of hypocrisy as the townspeople are. Hester was publicly shamed and forced by the people of Boston to wear a badge of humiliation (the scarlet letter), and when she lavishly decorated the letter â€Å"A† which she had to wear on her bosom, they degraded her even more for supposably embracing her sins. Instead ... Free Essays on Sins And Sinners Of The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on Sins And Sinners Of The Scarlet Letter Sins and Sinners of The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is brimming with many sins and sinners as Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to portray throughout the story. Hawthorne’s main characters in the book have committed major wrongs doing in the eyes of the Puritans. The main characters include Hester, Chillingworth, demmesdale and pearl, who has yet to commit a sin. Also, a part of this chaos are the townspeople who’s Hippocratic verbal and physical actions influence the lives of Hester and her daughter, Pearl, in negative ways. Although the society, and many of the characters commit sins, Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to convey the trail of thoughts that The Scarlet Letter is about Sinners; not sins. Though, the book is filled with wrong doings from hypocrisy, lying, betrayal and even adultery, the author tends to be leaning more towards telling about the sinners and their perspectives about the occurring situations, rather than focusing on just the sins they have brought upon themselves. It is evident that Hester committed adultery, and has had to deal with the consequences of her actions throughout her life and has had effect on the life of her daughter, pearl. Demmesdale, the man whom she slept with while her husband was away, makes no efforts to help her in this a situation. We later learn in the story that he has committed adultery as well because Pearl is the daughter that came from the result of his affair with Hester. Doesn’t this make him a hypocrite? Demmesdale was publicly accusing, humiliating, and torturing Hester for her sinful actions, when he had committed the same crime himself. He is just as guilty of hypocrisy as the townspeople are. Hester was publicly shamed and forced by the people of Boston to wear a badge of humiliation (the scarlet letter), and when she lavishly decorated the letter â€Å"A† which she had to wear on her bosom, they degraded her even more for supposably embracing her sins. Instead ...

This is a COMPANY LAW AND CAPITALISM (LLB) problem question; the Essay

This is a COMPANY LAW AND CAPITALISM (LLB) problem question; the question is on the assignment criteria field of this application form below - Essay Example and Boris are the executive Directors of the Company, but from the perspective of ownership of shares, it may be noted that Clarke Bros has a greater ownership stake, since they own 5% of the shares while Boris and Amber own 2% each. Berle and Means point out that with the growing size of corporations, ownership and management have been separated1 however companies are now so dominated by directors that their shareholders may be denied an effective say in the decisions of the Company. Justice Plowman in the case of Parke v Daily News Ltd2 held that the primary duty of the directors of a corporation is to their shareholders, superseding their duty to their employees. In the execution of his duties, it is inevitable that a Director will face a conflict of interests, but he is required to be self regulated by a strong code of ethics in his dealings. The Executive Director is the principal agent of the Company but under the law, has been held to be subject to the same standards of loyalty and good faith in his duties as that expected from trustees3 and therefore has a fiduciary duty to the shareholders4. However, the functions of directors originated as a flexible concept in the courts in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For example in the case of directors in Turquand v Marshall, the Court held that it â€Å"could not interfere with the discretion exercised by them†.5 In the case of Re Dunham and Co, the Court found that the director has been guilty of â€Å"considerable negligence† yet held that he had not breached his duty of diligence and care.6 However the duty of skill of a Director was best laid out by Romer J in the Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd7 where he stated that while a Director was expected to exercise a certain level of skill and diligence that an ordinary reasonable man would apply under the circumstances, this did not mean that he was required to demonstrate a level of skill that was not commensurate with his experience. Moreover, a

Water Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water Movie - Essay Example s taken to a holy city of Baranas to live with other elderly widows where she is destined to spend the rest of her life although she keeps hoping that her mother would come and take her home. Another character in the movie is Kalyani, a young widow who falls in love with Nayaran, a follower of Gandhi, and she is presented with the dilemma of keeping the Hindu tradition or marrying him. The movie therefore explores the fate of the young widows and their struggle to remain afloat in the deep waters of the Hindu tradition and religion. In this paper, the film water (2005) will be used to identify and discuss the various intercultural communication concepts. The film water (2005) offers a controversial presentation of stereotypes in the Hindu culture. Widows are considered as unlucky and cursed members of the Hindu society and culture. According to the Hindu religion and culture, widows are the Zamindar prostitutes. They are confined to the widow dorm, exploited and have nowhere to go to. Chuyia hopes that her mother would come to take her away from the widow dorm but this is not the case because she is bound by the Hindu culture and she only has three options at her disposal; to remarry her dead husband’s brother, to die on the husbands pyre or to commit her entire life into celibacy. She is violated, abused and misused in the Zamindar where she is sent for child prostitution. One of the more rational widows, Shakuntala feels sorry for her, arranges to get her out of the suffering of the widow house, and entrusts her under the care of Gandhi. Kalyani, another widow falls in love with Nayarana and agrees to marry him. She however commits suicide in shame upon realizing that she had been his father’s prostitute. The roles of Kalyani as the woman who commits suicide as a way of escaping the cruel cultural norms and the other widows as those who conforms to the rules of culture and religion represents the social stereotypes in the movie. On the other hand, the